In Javascript:
myfunction.toString()
This gives you the entire definition of the function as a string, with which you can parse to get the argument names, or in prototype.js you can just do:
myfunction.argumentNames()
In Python:
myfunction.func_code.co_varnames
In Ruby, there is no easy way to do this, although there is A way, which involves setting a trace function on the function and then executing it to get at the local variables at execution time, see here.